Senyum itu adalah Sedekah

Rasulullah SAW bersabda bahwa anak keturunan Adam memiliki kewajiban untuk bersedekah setiap harinya sejak matahari mulai terbit. Seorang sahabat yang tidak memiliki apa pun untuk disedekahkan bertanya, “Jika kami ingin bersedekah, namun kami tidak memiliki apa pun, lantas apa yang bisa kami sedekahkan dan bagaimana kami menyedekahkannya?”

Rasulullah SAW bersabda, “Senyum kalian bagi saudaranya adalah sedekah, beramar makruf dan nahi mungkar yang kalian lakukan untuk saudaranya juga sedekah, dan kalian menunjukkan jalan bagi seseorang yang tersesat juga sedekah.” (HR Tirmizi dan Abu Dzar).

Dalam hadis lain disebutkan bahwa senyum itu ibadah, “Tersenyum ketika bertemu saudaramu adalah ibadah.” (HR Trimidzi, Ibnu Hibban, dan Baihaqi).

Salah seorang sahabat, Abdullah bin Harits, pernah menuturkan tentang Rasulullah SAW, “Tidak pernah aku melihat seseorang yang lebih banyak tersenyum daripada Rasulullah SAW.” (HR Tirmidzi).

Meskipun ringan, senyum merupakan amal kebaikan yang tidak boleh diremehkan.

Rasulullah SAW bersabda, “Janganlah kamu meremehkan kebaikan sekecil apa pun, sekalipun itu hanya bermuka manis saat berjumpa saudaramu.” (HR Muslim).

Mungkin kita sering berpikir bahwa sedekah itu berkaitan erat dengan harta benda seperti pemberian uang, pakaian, atau apa pun yang bisa langsung dinikmati penerima dalam bentuk materi. Hal itu juga mungkin yang ada dalam pikiran para sahabat Rasulullah SAW, sehingga mereka sangat gelisah kemudian mempertanyakannya.
Karena itu, tidak semestinya seorang Muslim membiarkan satu hari pun berlalu tanpa dirinya terlibat dalam kegiatan bersedekah. Jika kita punya wawasan sempit mengenai pengertian bersedekah, tentulah hal itu menjadi mustahil.
Di antara keistimewaan sedekah adalah menolak bala (musibah).

Dari Sayyid Ali Ar-Ridha, dari Sayyid Ja’far Ash-Shadiq, dari Sayyid Ali Zainal Abidin, dari Ali bin Abi Thalib Radiyallahu Anhum, bahwa Rasulullah SAW bersabda, “Sedekah itu dapat menghindarkan diri dari kematian yang tidak baik, menjaga diri dari tujuh puluh macam bencana.”

Wallahu alam

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Papers on Islamic Fiqh

Papers on Islamic Fiqh - On this occasion I will argue about the science of jurisprudence, perhaps in previous posts already in the review a little about what the definition of Fiqh it.

Islamic jurisprudence, Fiqh, jurisprudence, legal jurisprudence, fiqh women, the sense of jurisprudence, fiqh books, books of fiqh, rpp Jurisprudence, Jurisprudence paper.

The importance of studying the science of jurisprudence, it is because as a basic foundation for the worship of Allah 'azza wajalla, if you do not understand the science of jurisprudence vain worship.

This paper contains information about Understanding Fiqh, jurisprudence history or more specifically address the application of fiqh in everyday life. This paper is expected to provide information to us about the Islamic Fiqh.

Papers Fiqh

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION


 Understanding Fiqh

     According to the language schools of Fiqh Means or tofu. According to the terms, fiqh means the science which explains the laws of Personality 'pertaining to human deeds obtained from the arguments of dali tafsil (obviously). Guy who studied fiqh called faqih. Jama'nya are jurists, namely the people who studied fiqh.

Fiqh according to language means 'understand', as in the word of God:

"So why the people (hypocrites) barely understand speech at all?" (QS.An Nisa: 78)

And the word of the Prophet sallallaahu 'alaihi wa sallam:
"Verily, the prayer and the short length of one sermon, a sign will kepahamannya."
(Muslim no. 1437, Ahmad no. 17,598, Daarimi no. 1511)

In the book Durr al-Mukhtar noted that the jurisprudence has two meanings, ie, according to the expert suggestions and jurist. Each has its own understanding and their own base of understanding of fiqh.

    According to the proposal, Fiqh is the science that explains the laws of shara 'which is far'iyah (branch), resulting from the arguments tafsil (specific, detailed and clear). Strictly speaking, the experts suggested interpreting fiqh is fiqh is to know the law and know their argument.

     According to Islamic jurists (Fuqaha), fiqh is to know the laws of shara 'that characterize the actions of the servants (mukallaf), namely: obligatory, sunnah, haram, makruh and permissible.

    Further, the preacher Ahmad Hasan said that Islamic jurisprudence is a set of laws is shara 'which has been recorded from various schools that four or more schools and dinukilkan of fatwas and tabi'in companions, both of which seven jurists in Medina and jurists Mecca, jurists sham, jurists Egyptian, Iraqi jurists, jurists and others basrah



CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION



1. Provisions - Provisions in Fiqh



In studying fiqh, it has laid down common standards to serve as guidelines for the Muslims, namely:

Prohibit discussing events that have not happened until it occurs.
As the Word of God, the Exalted:

"O ye who believe! Do not you ask all cases, because if explained to you, you're going to be disappointed! But if it asks you when the decline of the Qur'an certainly you will be given an explanation. Your mistake has been forgiven by God and God is forgiving, merciful. " (Q. S. Al-Maidah: 101)

And there is a hadith that the Prophet. has banned questioned "Aqhluthath" the issues that is yet to happen.

a. Steer clear of a lot of questions and complicated problems.

In a hadith saying:

"Verily, Allah hates a lot of debate, a lot of questions, and a waste of money."
"Verily Allah has made obligatory upon some obligation so do not be wasted, and has outlined the law, then do not dilampui, mengaharamkan some restrictions then do dlannggar, and silence some cases not forget to be a blessing for you, then do not resurrected risen!"

"The greatest sin is the person who asked the first thing is not forbidden, then it is forbidden to cause the question."

b. Avoid conflicts and divisions within the religion.

As the words of Allah Ta'ala as follows:

"Be ye hold fast to the rope of Allah and do not be broken to pieces!" (Q. S. Ali Imran: 103).

"Do not be arguing with each other and do not fight, then you failed and lost influence!" (Q. S. Al-Anfal 46).
                                                                   2
"And do not just like the people who berpecah cross-sectioned and disputes in order after they receive particulars!, And for them it provided tremendous chastisement." (Q. S. Ali Imran 105)

c. Restoring the disputed issues to the Book and the Sunnah.

    Based on the words of Allah:
"So if you quarrel about anything the case, go back to Allah and the Messenger." (Q. S. An-Nisa 9). "And nothing that you can not agree on something then the law of God." (Q. S. Ash-Shura: 10).
It was thus that, because of religious matters have been explained by the Quran, as Allah SWT says:
"And we sent down the Qur'an scripture to explain everything." (Surat an-Nahl: 89).
So also in sura: Al-An `am 38, An-Nahl 44 and An-Nisa 105, Allah has explained the universality of the Qur'an to the problems of life.

Thus completed the teachings of Islam and there is no more reason to turn to the other kind. Allah says:

"This day have I perfected for you your religion, I have my gift favors both ends meet and have my ridhoi Islam as your religion." (Q. S. Al Maidah: 5).


2. Fiqh and Shariah relationship


Once described in the terminology of fiqh understanding mutakhirin then popular now, it can be concluded that the relationship between Fiqh and Shariah are:

That there is a match between Fiqh and Shariah in one hand, but each one has a wider coverage than any other in the other hand, this kind of relationship in science mantiq called 'umumun khususun min wajhin "which is identical to the jurisprudence of Sharia the results of ijtihad mujtahid is correct.

While on the other hand Fiqh wider, because the discussion includes the results of ijtihad, the mujtahid is wrong, while more comprehensive Shari'ah, Fiqh because not only includes laws relating to amaliah worship, but also aqeedah, morals and story- the story of the previous race.


1. Relationship Between Fiqh and Islamic Aqeedah
        Among the privileges of Islamic jurisprudence-that we say as shari'ah laws that govern the actions and words mukallaf-have a strong attachment to the belief in God and the pillars of the Islamic Aqeedah Aqidah lain.Terutama related to faith by the end of the day. That is because such a belief in God was the one who could make a Muslim cling with religious laws, and controlled to implement it as a form of obedience and willingness.

 Meanwhile, people who do not believe in God do not feel bound by prayer and fasting and not pay attention to whether his actions including the lawful or unlawful. So sticking with the laws of shari'ah is nothing but a part of the faith in the One who lowers and mensyari'atkannya against His servants.
For example: God commanded purification and making it as one must in keiman to God as his word:
"O ye who believe, if you want to pray, then wash your faces and your hands up to the elbows, and sweep up your head and (wash) your feet up to the ankles." (Surat al-Maidah: 6)
  
2. Islamic Fiqh-Wide Human Conduct
No doubt that encompasses all aspects of human life. And happiness is to be achieved by humans require him to pay attention to all these aspects in a way that is programmed and organized.

When Islamic jurisprudence is the expression of God's laws syari'atkan to His servants, in order to protect all of their benefit and to prevent damage in their midst, then comes the aspect of Islamic jurisprudence and regulate the whole human needs as well as its laws .

Kind of - kind of Fiqh Laws In Daily Life - Day:
The laws relating to the worship of God. Such as ablution, prayer, fasting, pilgrimage and others. And this is called the Fiqh of Worship.

The laws relating to family issues. Such as marriage, talaq, lineage, dairy, income, inheritance and others. And this is called the Fiqh Al ahwal As sakhsiyah.
The laws relating to human actions and relationships between them, such as buying and selling, warranty, lease, courts and others. And this is called Fiqh Mu'amalah.

The laws relating to the obligations of the leader (head of state). Such uphold justice, eradicate tyranny and apply the laws of shari'ah, as well as with regard to the obligations of the people led. Like
obligation to obey the terms of which are not ma'siat, and others. And this is called the Fiqh Siasah Syar'iah.

The laws relating to the punishment of the perpetrators of the crime, and the maintenance of security and order. Such penalty against murderers, thieves, drunkards, and others. And is referred to as Fiqh al 'Ukubat.
The laws that regulate foreign relations with other Islamic countries. Related to the discussion of war or peace, and others. And this is called the Fiqh As Siyar.
The laws relating to morality and behavior, both good and bad. And this is called the manners and morals.
Thus we find that Islamic jurisprudence with its laws covers all human needs and pay attention to all aspects of personal and community life.


3. Sources of Islamic Fiqh
             All the laws contained in Islamic jurisprudence back to the four sources namely:
        
1. The Qur'an

                   Kalamullah the Qur'an is revealed to the Prophet Muhammad to
        save mankind from darkness to light bright. He is the source of
        first for the laws of Islamic jurisprudence. If we encounter a problem, then the first time
        we must go back to the Book of Allah in order to seek legal.
             Example:
· When we asked about khamer legal (alcohol), gambling, glorification of rocks and raffle fate, then if we refer to the Qur'an we will have to get it in the word of Allah Subhanahu wa Ta'ala: (Surah Al Maidah: 90)
· When we asked about the problem of buying and selling and usury, then we get this law in the Book of Allah (Surat al-Baqara: 275). And there are many other examples that are not possible to specify one by one.

2. As-Sunnah

Sunnah is all sourced from the Prophet in the form of words, actions or approvals.

          Examples of word / words of the Prophet:
"Denouncing a fellow Muslim is wickedness and kill him is kufr." (Bukhari
no. 46, 48, Muslim no. 64, 97, Tirmidhi no. 1906.2558, Nasa'i no. 4036, 4037, Ibn Majah no. 68, Ahmad no. 3465, 3708)
           Examples of actions:
What is narrated by Bukhari (Bukhari no. 635, also narrated by Tirmidhi no.
3413, and Ahmad no. 23093, 23800, 34 528) that 'A'isha was once asked: "What is the usual
conducted Prophet in his house? "Aisha replied:" He helped his family; then when it came time to pray, he came out to perform the prayer. "

         Examples of approval:
What is narrated by Abu Dawood (Hadith no. 1267) that the Prophet never seen someone
pray two rak'ahs after dawn prayer, the Prophet said to him: "The dawn prayers two
cycles ", the man replied," I actually have not prayed two rak circumcision
before dawn, then I do now. "Then the Prophet shollallahu'alaihiwasallam silent.

Then silence means he approves disyari'atkannya the dawn prayer Qabliah Circumcision
after morning prayers to those who have fulfilled.

· As-Sunnah is the second source after the Qur'an. If we do not get a permasalahn law of the Qur'an then we refer to as-Sunnah and shall practice it if we get these laws. On condition, actually originated from the Prophet shollallahu'alaihiwasallam with valid sanad.
· Sunnah Qur'an serve as explanatory of what is global and general. Like a prayer command; then how tatacaranya as found in the Sunnah. Therefore, the Prophet said:
: "Pray you as you see me pray." (Bukhari no. 595)
As well as the Sunnah establish partial laws that are not described in the Qur'an. Such as the prohibition of wearing gold rings and silk fabrics for men

3. Ijma '

Ijma 'means: the entire agreement of the mujtahid scholars of Muhammad's people a generation above a Sharai law, and if it is agreed that scholars-both on friends or next-generation will be a shari'ah law then their agreement is ijma' , and work with what has become an ijma 'is obligatory. And the arguments that will be reported as the Prophet, that the people will not converge (agree) in error, and what has been agreed is right (correct).
      Rodiallahu'anhu of Abu Basrah that the Prophet shollallahu'alaihiwasallam said:
"Verily Allah does not make my ummah or nation of Muhammad gathered (besepakat) above error." (Tirmidhi no. 2093, Ahmad 6/396)
Examples: Ijma of the Companions ra that grandparents get part 1/6 of the estate with boys if there is no father.
Ijma 'is the third reference source. If we do not get in the Qur'an and Sunnah as well, so for things like this we see, whether it has been disepakatai by Muslim scholars, if so, then we are obliged to take it and work with it.

 4. Analogy

Matching qiyas is not found in the case law it Sharai with other cases that have texts that sehukum with it, because the equation because / reason between the two. In this qiyas we meruju 'if we do not get the texts in a law of a problem, either in the Qur'an, Sunnah and ijma'. Analogy is a fourth reference source after the Qur'an, Sunnah and Ijma as'.

Example: God forbid khamer with the arguments of the Qur'an, pengharamannya rhyme or reason is because he is intoxicating, and eliminate consciousness. If we find other intoxicating beverages with different names besides khamer, then we menghukuminya with unclean, \ as a result of khamer Qiyas. Because the cause or reason khamer prohibition is "intoxicating" contained in the drink, so that it becomes unlawful as well as khamer.



CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION

According to the language schools of Fiqh Means or tofu. According to the terms, fiqh means the science which explains the laws of Personality 'pertaining to human deeds obtained from the arguments of dali tafsil (obviously). Guy who studied fiqh called faqih. Jama'nya are jurists, namely the people who studied fiqh.

Provisions - Provisions in Fiqh

a. Steer clear of a lot of questions and complicated problems.
b. Avoid conflicts and divisions within the religion.
c. Restoring the disputed issues to the Book and the Sunnah


Sources of Islamic Fiqh

The Qur'an
As-Sunnah
Ijma '
Analogy

http://senyumkudakwahku.blogspot.com/2013/12/makalah-tentang-fiqih-islam.html

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menempuh keyword SMA

Keyword "anak sma" memang tidak wajar dalam hasil pencarian websearch.
seperti yang di lansir di sebuah blog miliknya matahati katahati ( http://matahati.blogdetik.com/2013/12/30/anak-sma-penuh-gairah/ ). dan blognya zie's for you tentang Anak SMA, ada juga artikel yang berjudul Anak SMA Penuh Gairah. itu sebuah judul artikel yang berkonten baik. tidak seperti kata kunci Anak Sma lainnya. sangat negatif..

mari kita baca selengkapnya tentang 5 kisah teragis Anak sma seperti yang di kutip oleh blognya http://www.merdeka.com Baca selengkapnya disini >>>

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Halal treasure

Rasulullah SAW said : " There comes a time when people do not careagain to assets acquired , whether it halal or haram . " ( HRBukhari ) . Fourteen centuries after the Prophet 's hadith states ,now we are witnessing a reality where people are very bravecorruption , fraud , inflate the value of the project , extortion ,bribery , adulteration of fuel , the production of pirated goods , play forex , etc. .So many people affected by it. In fact, not uncommon for peoplesay " look who wrote it difficult let alone the haram halal " .God actually has called His faithful servant to seekproperty and do not eat halal is halal except : " O those whobelieve! Eat of the good provision , which we have given you , andthanks to Allah , if you truly worship Him kadapa ( Surah2:172 ) . In another verse Allah says : " O people ! Kosher Eatand kind of food that is in the earth , and follow notmeasures demon , devil truly is an outright enemy to you ( Surah 2:168 ) .There are several things that can be inferred from the above verses :1 . God created man he most certainly knows whatbest for humans . Goods which God forbid it could be ascertainedif breached will damage our bodies . And we have seen howpeople are corrupt , although few , have destroyed the country and the fate ofmillions of people, as people who get drunk have damaged him ,his wits , and his future .2 . Unlawful possession there are two kinds : first , the illicit substances , such aspork , carrion , meniuman intoxicating . Second , the process haramrevenue , such as the proceeds of corruption , theft , gambling , fraud , etc. . secondThis kind of property is equally disastrous for humans and humanity .3 . Lawfully acquire property is a very noble struggle ,because the above verse , Allah think of it as an expression of faith andHis evidence grateful .Prophet Muhammad once told me about a man who was on his waylong , matted hair , dirty clothes , he cupped his hands tothe sky and say : Ya Rabb ! Ya Rabb ! While the food , beverage , andunclean clothes . Where possible , abi said , his request will be granted byAllah (Muslim ) . When calling this hadith Ibn Kathir said :Halal food is the cause of the acceptance of prayer and worship , asforbidden foods cause rejection of prayer and worship .Given the current was so much food contaminated by substances thatforbidden , even though chocolate and ice cream , then it shouldwe pay more attention to who the producer / her pededagang , if therelabel / certificate halal or not , and bagaimanana composition. Hopefully wespaciousness and power given by God to get good luck withhalal way . And hopefully we can also remind each other when the goingconsuming food or drink , so avoid substanceforbidden .

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Perfection syari'at Muslims

Sayria'at in Ber-Islamic religion is a form of goal achieved by all the people ...
People Shari'ah Shari'ah prophet Muhammad was a less perfect. as has been stated in the Qur'an :

اليوم أكملت لكم دينكم وأتممت عليكم نعمتي ورضيت لكم الإسلام دينا

"This day have I perfected for you your religion, and I have both ends meet to favor me, and have me-it's so ridhai Islam religion for you." (Surat al-M a `waiting time: 3)

That is a clear statement of the creator Allah 'azza wajalla, On the perfection of faith and Shari'ah prophet muhammad Saw treatise . if there is still a shortage would not be said to "have a perfect" kalu presumably not enough, it is unlikely that the Islamic dikatakn growing everywhere and anytime saha. that's what dinamaka perfection Shari'ah prophet muhammad race sholallahu'alaihi wasallam .
Another case with the minutes of the prophets before Prophet Muhammad, they carry only the minutes only to his family and at that time only. because it, they treatise merupajan special treatise. but after prophet muhammad shollahu'alaihi wasallam. come take treatise, in which he was carrying was a treatise treatise according to human instinct, while humans were created by God to have air-religious instinct, which is the religion of monotheism, the treatise which brought it in line with people's lives all over the world until the end of the period.

Islam Is The Perfect Religion

Already a feature of Islamic law and the pride of Muslims, perfect and complete all their religious beliefs.

Allah Jalla Dzikruhu has explained in His word,

"And We have sent down to you the Book (Al-Qur'an) to explain everything, and a guidance and mercy and good tidings for those who have surrendered." (Surat an-Nahl: 89)

Because kesempurnaannyalah, so everything has been explained in Al-Qur `an, without exception, in the sense expressed or implied, are nash statutes and common arguments that include a variety of problems.

Allaah has affirmed,

ما فرطنا في الكتاب من شيء

"Nor we neglect nothing in the Book." (Surat al-An'am: 38)

And Allaah says,

ياأيها الذين آمنوا ادخلوا في السلم كآفة ولا تتبعوا خطوات الشيطان إنه لكم عدو مبين.

"O you who believe, you go into Islam as a whole, and do not you join devil steps. Verily Satan is an outright enemy to you ". (Surat al-Baqara: 208)

Everything has been described, even those cases that seem trivial been described in this religion that makes the idolaters and Ahl-ul-book of jealousy and envy to the Muslims.

http://senyumkudakwahku.blogspot.com/2013/11/kesempurnaan-syariat-umat-islam.html

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Cut Zionist genocide, feed Americans instead

Some 47 million poor Americans - one in four children - see their already meager federal food allowances slashed this week.

The cuts amount to $4 billion a year over the next decade.


That $4 billion figure should ring a bell. It is equivalent to the official annual subvention that the US government sends to Israel - courtesy of the American taxpayer.


This week that $4 billion annual donation to the regime in Tel Aviv was on display with the following items: Israeli tanks, warplanes and troops carried out deadly raids on occupied Palestinian territories, resulting in at least nine deaths and dozens of wounded; dozens of Palestinians continued to be kidnapped (“arrested”) from their homes and streets by Israeli troops; also the dominant Likud party of Benjamin Netanyahu announced that illegal settlements in the West Bank and East Al Quds “will be intensified” with plans to build an additional 5,000 housing units.


The accelerated construction on Palestinian land is in blatant contravention of international law.


In other words, this week, as in every other week, the war crimes that the US-backed Israeli regime has been committing since at least 1967 continued apace. This in the same week that millions of Americans are on notice that they are being put on starvation rations because their government would rather send $4 billion to a genocidal regime than pay for basic human nutrition.


The fact is that the Israeli criminal regime gets away with this genocide only because the US rulers hand over $4 billion every year to a state that comprises some seven million Israeli nationals.


    It is astounding that tens of millions of Americans are going hungry because the same amount of money being cut from their social welfare is bankrolling Israel.



Ironically, some 900,000 of those hungry Americans are believed to be former US soldiers, many of whom are mentally and physically broken from fighting in the so-called Wars on Terror in Iraq and Afghanistan.


The Israeli regime, its American lobbyists and its bought-and-paid-for politicians created the false premises for these criminal wars - and many others besides.


But the men and women who served as cannon fodder in these criminal wars are now being abandoned in hunger, while the regime that helped cause their misery is still creaming off American taxpayers.


Hunger, poverty, suffering, death, genocide are all consonant and consistent in this grotesque system deified as capitalism.


Here are a few other figures to round out the abject picture. If just 0.6 per cent were shaved off the annual $700 billion US military budget, that would be enough to cover the cuts in the food stamp program this year.


If the $52-billion-a-year NSA spying program that is operated against our own citizens was cancelled that would pay for the immediate food needs of all Americans and, moreover, help build an economy for genuine social development, with good paying jobs, welfare and infrastructure. But, again, that won’t happen because the US economy is a war economy based on fear and paranoia.


US lawmakers, both Republican and Democrat - they are all the same puppets - want to axe a total of $40 billion from the food program over 10 years. This is the same figure - $40 billion - that these same minions throw at Wall Street and the mega-banks every two weeks under the scam known as “Quantitative Easing.” Taxpayers, many of them on food stamps, are bailing out corporations that crashed the world economy and which are up to their necks in militarism. Yet, this bloated elite turns around and snatches the crumbs out of people’s mouths.


But we return to the Zionist regime. These crimes are subsidized and enabled by money that would otherwise feed hungry Americans. People will die this year in the US simply from poverty and the lack of food. These American deaths will be for the same reason that Palestinians will die from poverty and hunger.


The choice is revealingly simple. Stop funding genocide in the Middle East or start feeding Americans.

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Islamic Motivation

Mengenal ilmu fiqih Lebih dalam.

Fikih (Bahasa Arab: ﻓﻘﻪ; transliterasi: Fiqih) adalah salah satu bidang ilmu dalam syariat Islam yang secara khusus membahas persoalan hukum yang mengatur berbagai aspek kehidupan manusia, baik kehidupan pribadi, bermasyarakat maupun kehidupan manusia dengan Tuhannya. Beberapa ulama fikih seperti Imam Abu Hanifah mendefinisikan fikih sebagai pengetahuan seorang muslim tentang kewajiban dan haknya sebagai hamba Allah.

Fikih membahas tentang cara bagaimana cara tentang beribadah, tentang prinsip Rukun Islam dan hubungan antar manusia sesuai dengan dalil-dalil yang terdapat dalam Al-Qur'an dan Sunnah. Dalam Islam, terdapat 4 mazhab dari Sunni, 1 mazhab dari Syiah, dan Khawarij yang mempelajari tentang fikih. Seseorang yang sudah menguasai ilmu fikih disebut Fakih.

Etimologi

Dalam bahasa Arab, secara harfiah fikih berarti pemahaman yang mendalam terhadap suatu hal. Beberapa ulama memberikan penguraian bahwa arti fikih secara terminologi yaitu fikih merupakan suatu ilmu yang mendalami hukum Islam yang diperoleh melalui dalil di Al-Qur'an dan Sunnah. Selain itu fikih merupakan ilmu yang juga membahas hukum syar'iyyah dan hubungannya dengan kehidupan manusia sehari-hari, baik itu dalam ibadah maupun dalam muamalah. Dalam ungkapan lain, sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam sekian banyak literatur, bahwa fiqh adalah "al-ilmu bil-ahkam asy-syar'iyyah al-amaliyyah al-muktasab min adillatiha at-tafshiliyyah", ilmu tentang hukum-hukum syari'ah praktis yang digali dari dalil-dalilnya secara terperinci". Terdapat sejumlah pengecualian terkait pendefinisian ini. Dari "asy-syar'iyyah" (bersifat syari'at), dikecualikan ilmu tentang hukum-hukum selain syariat, seperti ilmu tentang hukum alam, seperti gaya gravitasi bumi. Dari "al-amaliyyah" (bersifat praktis, diamalkan), ilmu tentang hukum-hukum syari'at yang bersifat keyakinan atau akidah, ilmu tentang ini dikenal dengan ilmu kalam atau ilmu tauhid. Dari "at-tafshiliyyah" (bersifat terperinci), ilmu tentang hukum-hukum syari'at yang didapat dari dalil-dalilnya yang "ijmali" (global), misalkan tentang bahwasanya kalimat perintah mengandung muatan kewajiban, ilmu tentang ini dikenal dengan ilmu ushul fiqh.

Sejarah Fikih
Masa Nabi Muhammad saw

Masa Nabi Muhammad saw ini juga disebut sebagai periode risalah, karena pada masa-masa ini agama Islam baru didakwahkan. Pada periode ini, permasalahan fikih diserahkan sepenuhnya kepada Nabi Muhammad saw. Sumber hukum Islam saat itu adalah al-Qur'an dan Sunnah. Periode Risalah ini dapat dibagi menjadi dua bagian, yaitu periode Makkah dan periode Madinah. Periode Makkah lebih tertuju pada permasalah akidah, karena disinilah agama Islam pertama kali disebarkan. Ayat-ayat yang diwahyukan lebih banyak pada masalah ketauhidan dan keimanan.

Setelah hijrah, barulah ayat-ayat yang mewahyukan perintah untuk melakukan puasa, zakat dan haji diturunkan secara bertahap. Ayat-ayat ini diwahyukan ketika muncul sebuah permasalahan, seperti kasus seorang wanita yang diceraikan secara sepihak oleh suaminya, dan kemudian turun wahyu dalam surat Al-Mujadilah. Pada periode Madinah ini, ijtihad mulai diterapkan , walaupun pada akhirnya akan kembali pada wahyu Allah kepada Nabi Muhammad saw.

Masa Khulafaur Rasyidin

Masa ini dimulai sejak wafatnya Nabi Muhammad saw sampai pada masa berdirinya Dinasti Umayyah ditangan Mu'awiyah bin Abi Sufyan. Sumber fikih pada periode ini didasari pada Al-Qur'an dan Sunnah juga ijtihad para sahabat Nabi Muhammad yang masih hidup. Ijtihad dilakukan pada saat sebuah masalah tidak diketemukan dalilnya dalam nash Al-Qur'an maupun Hadis. Permasalahan yang muncul semakin kompleks setelah banyaknya ragam budaya dan etnis yang masuk ke dalam agama Islam.

Pada periode ini, para faqih mulai berbenturan dengan adat, budaya dan tradisi yang terdapat pada masyarakat Islam kala itu. Ketika menemukan sebuah masalah, para faqih berusaha mencari jawabannya dari Al-Qur'an. Jika di Al-Qur'an tidak diketemukan dalil yang jelas, maka hadis menjadi sumber kedua . Dan jika tidak ada landasan yang jelas juga di Hadis maka para faqih ini melakukan ijtihad.

Menurut penelitian Ibnu Qayyim, tidak kurang dari 130 orang faqih dari pria dan wanita memberikan fatwa, yang merupakan pendapat faqih tentang hukum.

Masa Awal Pertumbuhan Fikih

Masa ini berlangsung sejak berkuasanya Mu'awiyah bin Abi Sufyan sampai sekitar abad ke-2 Hijriah. Rujukan dalam menghadapi suatu permasalahan masih tetap sama yaitu dengan Al-Qur'an, Sunnah dan Ijtihad para faqih. Tapi, proses musyawarah para faqih yang menghasilkan ijtihad ini seringkali terkendala disebabkan oleh tersebar luasnya para ulama di wilayah-wilayah yang direbut oleh Kekhalifahan Islam.

Mulailah muncul perpecahan antara umat Islam menjadi tiga golongan yaitu Sunni, Syiah, dan Khawarij. Perpecahan ini berpengaruh besar pada ilmu fikih, karena akan muncul banyak sekali pandangan-pandangan yang berbeda dari setiap faqih dari golongan tersebut. Masa ini juga diwarnai dengan munculnya hadis-hadis palsu yang menyuburkan perbedaan pendapat antara faqih.

Pada masa ini, para faqih seperti Ibnu Mas'ud mulai menggunakan nalar dalam berijtihad. Ibnu Mas'ud kala itu berada di daerah Iraq yang kebudayaannya berbeda dengan daerah Hijaz tempat Islam awalnya bermula. Umar bin Khattab pernah menggunakan pola yang dimana mementingkan kemaslahatan umat dibandingkan dengan keterikatan akan makna harfiah dari kitab suci, dan dipakai oleh para faqih termasuk Ibnu Mas'ud untuk memberi ijtihad di daerah di mana mereka berada.

http://senyumkudakwahku.blogspot.com/2012/03/fiqih.html

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